As a result, in the poverty bowls of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, many women are estimated to become fully or partially blind by the time they turn 60.

The scheme expanded access to clean cooking gas to rural households by providing subsidised Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) connections for low-income households. It was a runaway success. Adoption in rural areas was fast and good targeting by the government and oil marketing companies ensured that the poor were first in the queue to get the benefits. As against an LPG coverage of 62% in India as on May 1, 2016, Ujjwala enabled a near-universal outreach of 99.8% by April 1, 2021.

However, policymakers need to address three key challenges — cost, convenience and culture — if India wants to keep its Ujjwala promise. In these targeted households, where the average monthly income is around ₹4,000-5,000, women are unable to muster the ₹900 ($12) needed for the refill of a gas canister. The annual refills under Ujjwala are hovering around three canisters as against the national average of six canisters. Coupled with financial woes, access issues pose a major barrier for women.

Typically, in villages, Ujjwala gas dealers are located at a distance and women are unable to make the journey on their own. Lastly, fighting cultural barriers is difficult when the family thinks food cooked on traditional chulhas is more nutritious and tastier, though the government has begun to address these attitudes through behaviour change communication campaigns.

A crucial challenge is to ensure access to a lump sum of funds that enables access to canister refills. Ideally, the product should allow smaller “byte-sized” payments over a period of time. Traditional cooking methods allow for byte-sized payments, just enough for a day or two of cooking. On the other hand, a canister is a one-time payment for fuel that will be used over a month or more. Beneficiaries in the most vulnerable income sections find it difficult to accumulate the entire amount of cash. The government, however, tried to reduce the upfront cash outgo by allowing beneficiaries to choose a five kg double bottle connection instead of the 14.2 kg canister.

A joint pilot by oil marketing companies (OMCs), State Rural Livelihood Mission (SRLM) and MicroSave has shown great success, with the key catalyst being local self-help groups (SHGs).

The programme, launched in Madhya Pradesh’s tribal-dominated district of Jhabua, had a little over 100,000 customers who had taken either zero or one refill in the previous six months.

With the support of the SHG network in these blocks, LPG distributors reached out to these dormant customers between July and November 2021 to provide a three-month-long loan to finance their refill. From a mere 1,200 women beneficiaries, the campaign eventually saw a total of 36,800 women refill their cylinders under this initiative. While access-related issues were more inhibiting as compared to availability of cash, loans of ₹900 enabled poorer households to get clean fuel.

Policymakers will do well to consider similar solutions. The SHG model to extend credit can be scaled across India.

The government can also provide slightly higher subsidies to Ujjwala customers to increase LPG usage.

Manoj Kumar Sharma is the managing director, MSC India, and Arshi Aadil is manager (government & social impact domain), MSC India

The views expressed are personal